Large Language Models unlock the ecology of species interactions

Using LLMs to collect species interaction data from an underutilized source: citizen science comments

Big data analysis
First-author
In revision, PNAS
Authors

Heng-Xing Zou

Xiaohao Yang

Thabassum Hashmi Hajamaideen

Olivia Stein

Roxanne Beltran

Benjamin Freeman

Mark Lindquist

Eliot Miller

Summer Mengarelli

Charlotte Probst

Fernanda Valdovinos

Derek Van Berkel

Phoebe Zarnetske

Brian Weeks

Kai Zhu

Published

August 21, 2026

Keywords

citizen science, novel ecological data, large language model

In order to accurately evaluate potential shifts in species interactions under climate change, we need more timely observations in nature. Citizen science platforms provide a unique opportunity for crowd-sourced, fast-updating documentation of species interactions. Using advanced Large Language Models (LLMs), I am leading a collaborative effort on collecting species interactions from observation comments on citizen science platforms such as eBird and iNaturalist. The resulting datasets have broad spatial and temporal coverage and high spatiotemporal resolution, providing new opportunities for understanding species interactions under global change.

This is a collaborative effort with Xiaohao Yang (PhD Candidate, University of Michigan), Thabassum Hashmi Hajamaideen (undergraduate student, University of Michigan), Phoebe Zarneske (Michigan State University), Brian Weeks, Kai Zhu, and an interdisciplinary team from multiple institutions.

The data extraction is supported by a team of excellent undergrads, recuited through University of Michigan’s Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program: Yuyao (Michelle) Fan, Thabassum (Tab) Hashmi Hajamaideen, Samantha Lukes, Jesse Perrault, Olivia Stein, and Sophia Thomas.